Encomium of Jimmy Carter :: essays research papers

There is an old Latin saying that reads, â€Å"Dimidum facti qui coepit habet sapere aude† (He who has begun has half done. Have the courage to be wise.). For proof of this, you need look no further than to our thirty-ninth president James Earl Carter Jr., more fondly known as Jimmy Carter. During his presidency, Pres. Carter showed himself prudent and often made the wise decision over the popular vote. Jimmy Carter aspired to make government competent and compassionate and his achievements were notable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pres. Carter was probably instilled with the gift of prudence because of his upbringing. Born on October 1, 1924, right in the middle of the depression, Pres. Carter had to help his family with the peanut farming. However, he knew that peanut farming was the not the right career choice for him. Talk of politics and devotion to the Baptist faith were also mainstays of his upbringing. Starting out slowly, Pres. Carter entered politics in 1962 and eight years later ran for the Governor of Georgia and was elected. President Carter began his two-year campaign for President in December 1974. Campaigning hard against President Gerald R. Ford, he debated him three times. Jimmy Carter won the election by 297 electoral votes to 241 for Ford.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now, we could point out a number of prudent decisions Jimmy Carter made for our country. He dealt with the energy shortage, he prompted Government efficiency through civil service reform, he sought to improve the environment, and created the Department of Education. The biggest challenge Pres. Carter faced during his time in office, and the one where his virtue of prudence shined, was with Iran. On November 4, 1979, Iranian militants stormed the United States Embassy in Tehran and took approximately fifty-two Americans captive. The terrorist act triggered the most profound crisis of the Carter presidency and began a personal ordeal for Jimmy Carter and the American people that lasted 444 days. President Carter committed himself to the safe return of the hostages while protecting America’s interests and prestige. He pursued a policy of restraint that put a higher value on the lives of the hostages over protecting his own political future. Ultimately, his cho ice to bring them home, ended in his defeat.

Tea and Social Class Boundaries in 19th Century England

Matthew Geronimo Professor Haydu SOCI 106 12 March 2013 Tea and Social Class Boundaries in 19th Century England How did tea rituals, customs, and etiquette reinforce social class boundaries in 19th century England? This question is relevant, in that it asks us to reflect on how simple commodities such as tea can distinguish social differences between classes, both past and present; it also allows us to ponder on how tea was popularized into the daily-consumed beverage it is to this day with people of all class backgrounds. In her book A Necessary Luxury: Tea in Victorian England (2008), Julie E.Fromer discusses how in 19th century England â€Å"new identification categories and new hierarchies of status developed along lines stemming from consumption habits, creating moral guidelines based on what and when and how one consumed the commodities of English culture,† (Fromer, 6). After discussing some origins of certain tea rituals such as low and high tea, I will elaborate on how those rituals influenced and reinforced social boundaries between the lower and upper classes; furthermore, I will analyze how certain tea customs and etiquette shaped the practice of tea-time between the lower and upper classes.There are variations on the origin of the afternoon tea ritual. â€Å"The accepted tea legend always attributes the ‘invention’ of afternoon tea to Anna Maria, wife of the 7th Duke of Bedford, who wrote to her brother-in-law in a letter sent from Windsor Castle in 1841: ‘I forgot to name my old friend Prince Esterhazy who drank tea with me the other evening at 5 o’clock, or rather was my guest amongst eight ladies at the Castle,† (Pettigrew, 102).While tea was already a luxurious beverage at the time, when to drink tea during the day became a national cultural custom. â€Å"The Duchess is said to have experienced ‘a sinking feeling’ in the middle of the afternoon, because of the long gap between luncheon and di nner and so asked her maid to bring her all the necessary tea things and something to eat – probably the traditional bread and butter – to her private room in order that she might stave off her hunger pangs,† (Pettigrew, 102).Upper-class citizens caught on with this trend, participating in a ritual that would define a nation. Upper-class families would participate in low tea at a good hour between lunch and dinner. â€Å"Manners of Modern Society, written in 1872, described the way in which afternoon tea had gradually become an established event. ‘Little Teas’, it explained, ‘take place in the afternoon’ and were so-called because of the small amount of food served and the neatness and elegance of the meal,† (Pettigrew, 104).Consuming food with tea during the day between meals might have speculated the English people for growing accustomed to eating too much during the day, but according to Marie Bayard in her Hints on Etiquette ( 1884), afternoon tea was â€Å"not supposed to be a substantial meal, merely a light refreshment. † She adds, â€Å"Cakes, thin bread and butter, and hot buttered scones, muffins, or toast are all the accompaniments strictly necessary. † The upper classes during the 19th century were known more for drinking more expensive and refined teas, such as those from China, Ceylon, or Assam.The wealthy and privileged groups of 19th century England took pride in their customs; with the custom of tea, they spared no expense in staying true to their idealized rituals. Low tea was a daily practice for the upper classes. Martha Chute created a series of watercolor paintings that portrayed daily life at the Vyne in Hampshire in the mid-nineteenth century. This particular 1860 watercolor (Pettigrew, 99) depicts a dining room table prepared for breakfast with the tea urn in the middle of the table and the tea cups laid out.The painting’s setting takes place in a very upper class room with portraits of upper class citizens and scenery artwork hung all around the room. Published in 1807, Thomas Rowlandson’s Miseries Personal (Pettigrew, 65) illustrates powerful upper-class men and women socializing while consuming tea to the extent that the men are all practically drunk because of drinking too much tea. From the illustration, the audience can see that these powerful men have no cares, worries, or concerns at all; they’re not worried about getting food on the table for their families.They are only concerned with having a good time with the somewhat disgusted women in the painting while they consume heavy amounts of tea, symbolizing their refinery and high social class status. Published in 1824, Edward Villiers Rippingille’s The Travellers’ Breakfast (Pettigrew, 77) illustrates members of the literary circle that idealized Sir Charles Elton, including Coleridge, Southey, and Dorothy and William Wordsworth, as they have breakfast in an inn, with the tea urn focused in the middle of the table. According to Mrs.Beeton in the 1879 edition of her Book of Household Management, â€Å"’At Home’ teas and ‘Tea Receptions’ were large afternoon events for up to two hundred guests. Tea was laid out on a large table in the corner of the drawing or dining room, and servants would be on hand to pour and hand round the cups of tea, sugar, cream or milk, cakes, and bread and butter,† (Pettigrew, 107). Beeton reinforces the notion that these products were expected to be present at the tea table for afternoon tea with the upper classes. For the upper-classes, afternoon tea could be taken out to the garden.In an 1871 graphic artwork titled Kettledrum in Knightsbridge, (Pettigrew, 106) the artist displays men, women, and a child socializing in a garden, with trees and flowers surrounding them, while they enjoy their afternoon tea. According to Pettigrew, the caption reads â€Å"In this form of aft ernoon party, ladies and gentlemen can mingle . . . it is certainly much better to talk scandal in the garden than indoors,† (Pettigrew, 107). From this context, Pettigrew hints that scandalous gossip was common in between people in the upper classes during afternoon tea, and that it was better to gossip outdoors rather than indoors.While the etiquette and customs of low tea can be reflected in the mannerisms of upper class breakfast with tea, â€Å"In 1884, Marie Bayard advised in Hints on Etiquette that ‘the proper time . . . is from four to seven’, whereas others advised ‘about five’, or referred to ‘small 5 o’clock teas’, (Pettigrew, 108). Staying true to the specific hours with afternoon tea was significant to the upper classes in order to preserve the expectations that came with afternoon low tea. â€Å"Guests were not expected to stay for the entire time that tea was going on, but to come and go as they pleased during the allotted hours.Most stayed half an hour or an hour but ‘should on no account stay later than seven o’clock’, (Pettigrew, 108). The relationships between upper-class families and servants were distinguished with tea. â€Å"Families who employed servants very often took high tea on Sunday in order to allow the maids and butler time to go to church and not worry about cooking an evening meal for the family,† (Pettigrew, 112). Tea was so relevant during the 19th century that Pettigrew notes how upper-class families would rarely take a break from it.On Sundays, instead of eliminating tea from the day entirely, upper-class families would substitute their afternoon tea for high tea, which included heavier foods to replace dinner, all for the sake of allowing their maids and servants go to church. Servants of the Queen reference her liking of tea in the 19th century as well. â€Å"In London, Queen Victoria introduced afternoon receptions at Buckingham Palace in 1 865 and garden parties, known as ‘breakfasts’ in 1868,† (Pettigrew, 115). One of Her Majesty’s Servants† is quoted in The Private Life of the Queen (1897), â€Å"Her Majesty has a strong weakness for afternoon tea. From her early days in Scotland, when Brown and the other gillies used to boil the kettle in a sheltered corner of the moors while Her Majesty and the young Princesses sketched, the refreshing cup of tea has ever ranked high in the Royal favour. † Various forms of artwork captured the ritual of tea-time during 19th century England.A photograph from the 1880s presents a clear black-and-white image of what tea time looked like for the wealthy; in this particular case, for the Prince and Princess of Wales as they socialize with the Rothschild family at Waddesdon Manor in Buckinghamshire, (Pettigrew, 114). In the photo, we see a garden tea party taking place, both men and women well-dressed, all sitting down in a straight posture except for the single servant, the tea table set with the tea urn in the middle, a tent set up, and even an umbrella placed at an angle to prevent any discomfort from the sun.While consuming tea was popular in the 19th century, the art and strategy of selling it as a valuable commodity grew in trend. Advertisements in the 19th century for tea advocated certain product brands, claiming that that specific brand was better than the rest, even hinting that they were a brand for more sophisticated, upper-class tea drinkers. An advertisement for Lipton, Tea, Coffee and Provision Dealer (Fromer, 84) attempts to differentiate regular tea drinkers from Lipton tea drinkers: â€Å"On the left, an illustration depicts two women smiling as they drink their tea.Their features are smooth and regular, their cheeks are pleasingly plump, and they wear bonnets over their fashionably curled hair. Their dresses indicate their middle-class wealth and fashion sense; they wear modest, high-necked gowns without e xcess frills or ornaments, yet the designs of their dresses reveal up-to-date fashion, with curving bodices, bustles, and narrow waists,† (Fromer, 83). In the advertisement, the choice to drink other tea besides the Lipton brand is reflected on their mis-shaped bodies, poor etiquette, and disappointing behavior. Tea and its consumption reinforced social class boundaries in 19th century England.In Mary Gaskell’s North and South (1855), tea consumption serves as a statement of people’s social class and their standards. â€Å"Throughout the changes in the Hales’ financial and social status throughout the novel, their tea drinking continues unabated, and despite the economies that they are forced to observe after Mr. Hale gives up his living, they never mention giving up tea,† (Fromer, 132). Fromer comments on Gaskell’s North and South (1855), marking how tea for upper-class citizens, such as the Hales, it too valuable in social status worth to s acrifice.Fromer continues â€Å"†¦their [the Hales] identity within the industrial town of Milton derives from their consumption patterns, their participation in the market economy of the city, the amount of money they have to spend, and the ways in which they spend it. † Mr. Hale is caught off guard and is petrified by Margaret’s story of a mill worker who has come to join them for tea. Margaret â€Å"Told [the story] completely; and her father was rather ‘taken aback’ by the idea of the drunken weaver awaiting him in his quiet study, with whom he was expected to drink tea,† (Gaskell, 285). â€Å"’Oh dear! A drunken infidel weaver! ’ said Mr.Hale to himself, in dismay,† (Gaskell, 286). Mr. Hale cannot handle the idea of having a low-class worker in his home, participating in his family’s afternoon tea. The very thought of it is inconceivable to him, especially seeing how Margaret invited the mill worker for tea. The working class was distinguished by having less etiquette and being not nearly as strict with their tea rituals as the middle and upper classes. Tea for the poor was still cherished, was still valuable, but as far as how refined they could be, based on their social class status alone, they constantly went through hard times on a daily basis. During the working day farm workers and labourers generally drank beer,† but in the 19th century, there was a drastic shift from beer being the common beverage workers drank throughout the day to tea. â€Å"All around the country, workers refreshed themselves with hot or cold tea – in factories, mines, offices and farmers’ fields, on railways, roads and fishing boats. Tea had become the best drink of the day,† (Pettigrew, 125). The poor and working class participated mostly in high tea, which was substituted for dinner. Meals throughout the day for the working class included tea. The first National Food Inquiry of 1863 discovered that little had changed for the working classes since the late eighteenth century and that farm labourers and home workers, such as silk weavers, needlewomen, glover makers and shoemakers, throughout Britain, started the day with a meager meal of milk or water gruel or porridge, bread and butter, and tea,† (Pettigrew, 98). Every day was a struggle for the lower classes. Many working class families started each day still hungry. They would be â€Å"sent off in the morning after a meager breakfast of potatoes and tea to walk several miles to their place of work.Lunch was dry bread with perhaps a little cheese in good times, and more potatoes and tea at home in the evening,† (Pettigrew, 124). While daily meal intakes were simply meant to fuel laborers to get through the day, tea was always considered a luxury, something that still connected them to the upper classes, regardless of how less refined their etiquette was. â€Å"Dickens’s stories are full of poor families, young apprentices, social outcasts, and those who survived from hand to mouth, just about coping in very mean lodgings that contrast markedly with the sumptuous breakfast tables of the upper and middle classes,† (Pettigrew, 99).In Elizabeth Gaskell’s novel Mary Barton (1848), Gaskell conveys the thought-processing that went into listing what was needed for working-class meals and the importance of tea: â€Å"Run, Mary dear, first round the corner, and get some fresh eggs at Tippings . . . and see if he has any nice ham cut that he would let us have a pound of . . . and Mary, you must get a pennyworth of milk and a loaf of bread – mind you get it fresh and new – that’s all, Mary. † â€Å"No, it’s not all† said her husband. â€Å"Though must get sixpennyworth of rum to warm the tea . . . †A watercolor painting by Thomas Unwins (1782-1857) titled Living off the Fat of the Land, a Country Feast (Pettigrew, 111 ) illustrates â€Å"high tea in a country cottage,† with what is depicted as a lower class family eating hams, cheeses, and baked bread while drinking tea. The painting portrays many people filled in a small cottage having high tea in replacement of dinner, with children playing on the floor, vegetables fallen from a sack lying on the floor, cats and dogs sleeping and jumping around, a man sneezing close to the ham, a woman drinking her tea out of a saucer while tending to a child, etc. the whole illustration is a mess. While refined tea was mainly consumed by the upper classes, the working class still treasured tea as a luxury, its value and worth could be tasted even with just a little bit of sugar. â€Å"In 1853, the Edinburgh Review wrote: ‘By her fireside, in her humble cottage, the lonely widow sits; the kettle simmers over the ruddy embers, and the blackened tea-pot on the hot brick prepares her evening drink.Her crust is scanty, yet as she sips the warm beverag e – little sweetened, it may be, with the produce of the sugar-cane – genial thoughts awaken in her mind; her cottage grows less dark and lonely, and comfort seems to enliven the ill-furnished cabin,’† (Pettigrew, 111). In an 1878 photo of a poor Victorian household during tea time (Pettigrew, 104), the audience can make out the small room in which they are all in, laundry drying on a clothesline, with some of the children not even being able to sit at the table, just sitting on a bench close to it against the wall.This photo demonstrates the difference in tea etiquette between the upper and lower classes, especially with what looks like the eldest daughter caring for the youngest infant on her lap at the table, this being unlikely at an upper-class tea table. Tea was just as imperative as a daily commodity as it was to the upper classes. â€Å"The poor household, therefore, represented a scaled-down version of the middle-class home, suggesting that ninet eenth-century histories of tea portray class as a matter of degree rather than kind.Working-class families aspired to the same values as the middle classes, responding to their smaller incomes by taking further measures of economy but not by sacrificing the consumer commodities that had become necessary to English everyday life,† (Fromer, 79). Tea served as a revitalizing commodity for all, even the elderly. According to Day from the Edinburgh Review in Tea: Its Mystery and History (1878), â€Å"It is not surprising that the aged female whose earnings are barely sufficient to buy what are called the common necessaries of life, should yet spare a portion of her small gains in procuring the grateful indulgence.She can sustain her strength with less common food when she takes her Tea along with it; while she, at the same time, feels lighter in spirits, more cheerful, and fitter for this dull work of life, because of this little indulgence, (Day, 75-76). While the wealthy upper c lasses had standards and expectations with their consumption of tea, the lower classes, even the poor elderly, perceived tea as a great luxury of worth that altered their everyday behavior. â€Å"Tea affected her (the poor aged female’s) demeanor, her manner, and her cheer, enabling her to accept her burden and work harder, being ‘fitter’ for the dull work life,† (Fromer, 83).Tea time for the working class wasn’t meant to be a socializing event, nor was it a strict ritual. â€Å"Tea drinking, according to nineteenth-century ads and histories of tea, replaced the vices that were typically found among the ‘humbler classes,’ including alcoholism, violence, and a lack of attention to domestic arrangements, with the values of domestic economy, respectability, good taste, thrift, and an appreciation for high-quality consumer luxuries associated with more-fortunate, middle-class economic circumstances,† (Fromer, 87).Within Gaskellâ€⠄¢s North and South, we get glimpses of Margaret Hale’s life as a younger girl. â€Å"She remembered the dark, dim look of the London nursery. . . . She recollected the first tea up there – separate from her father and aunt, who were dining somewhere down below an infinite depth of stairs; . . . At home – before she came to live in Harley Street – her mother’s dressing-room had been her nursery; and, as they had her meals with her father and mother,† (Gaskell, 38).Gaskell emphasizes the difference in settings in Margaret Hale’s life, contrasting the less refined and luxurious life she had â€Å"before she came to live in Harley Street,† to her now higher social status in Harley Street. Gaskell hints this with how tea was consumed between the two settings. More than simply differentiating the social boundaries created by tea through certain tea rituals, the etiquette of tea drinking of both the lower and upper classes reinforced these social class boundaries in 19th century England.English upper class etiquette did not just distinguish them from the poor, but also from other countries as well. A cartoon published in 1825 (Pettigrew, 84) points out the difference in manners and etiquette between the English and the French. The cartoon refers to the English custom of placing a spoon across or inside the teacup to express that the drinker does not need a refill, though the audience can see that the English characters in the cartoon have been refilling the Frenchman’s teacup multiple times in a humorous manner. Certain rules and expectations went into tea-time with the upper classes. Invitations to tea were issued verbally or by a small informal note or card,† (Pettigrew, 108). Many aspects and variations went into tea etiquette that defined the upper classes. For how to receive guests into one’s home, the Lady at Home and Abroad (1898) explains that for small tea gatherings â€Å"the host ess receives her friends in the drawing room as on any other afternoon . . . but when it is a case of a regular afternoon entertainment, she stands at the head of the staircase and receives as she would at a ball or a wedding reception. Like Gaskell’s North and South, novels such as Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights (1847) capture the norms and etiquette that come with upper class tea time and how those norms are broken and revealed through character reactions. â€Å"Within ‘Wuthering Heights,’ tea creates boundaries between characters, rather than erasing them. The rituals of the tea table cause Lockwood (and readers of the novel, to an extent) to feel isolated, unwanted, and threatened, rather than welcomed in and nourished as guests and as intimates,† (Fromer, 152-153).In a scene from Bronte’s Wuthering Heights, the character named Lockwood, an upper-class male, seeks refuge from an early snowstorm in Wuthering Heights. Young Catherine hesi tatingly admits Lockwood into Wuthering Heights and he accepts it as an ideal setting for tea. While Catherine attempts to attain a canister of tea leaves almost out of reach, Lockwood makes a â€Å"motion to aid her† (Bronte, 16), but she responds, â€Å"I won’t want your help . . . I can get them for myself. † Bronte continues with Lockwood’s narration: â€Å"’I beg your pardon,’ I hastened to reply. Were you asked to tea? ’ she demanded, tying an apron over her neat black frock, and standing with a spoonful of the leaf poised over the pot. ‘I shall be glad to have a cup,’ I answered. ‘Were you asked? ’ she repeated. ‘No,’ I said, half smiling. ‘You are the proper person to ask me. ’ She flung the tea back, spoon and all; and resumed her chair in a pet, her forehead corrugated, and her red underlip pushed out, like a child’s, ready to cry,† (Bronte, 16-17). Bronte use s this scene to underscore a significant aspect of upper-class tea tiquette: again, â€Å"Invitations to tea were issued verbally or by a small informal note or card,† (Pettigrew, 108). While to present day audiences of Wuthering Heights, Catherine’s behavior may have seemed rude, to Bronte’s audience in the 19th century, Catherine’s response to Lockwood probably seemed understandable because according to upper-class tea etiquette, in order to engage and participate in tea-time with someone, he or she needs to be invited first. In another scene from Wuthering Heights, Catherine plays hostess during tea-time with characters Edgar and Heathcliff at Wuthering Heights. The meal hardly endured ten minutes. Catherine’s cup was never filled; she could neither eat nor drink. Edgar had made a slop in his saucer, and scarcely swallowed a mouthful,† (Bronte, 97-98). Here the audience can see the difference in etiquette between the higher and lower class es, even if the difference in class is not too vast. â€Å"Edgar’s ‘slop’ in his saucer signals his unsteady hand†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Fromer, 162). â€Å"This moment of tea, which is supposed to bring people together and erase boundaries, instead emphasizes those boundaries and signals the end of peace and familial happiness,† (Fromer, 162-163).Again, Bronte distinguishes the class differences reinforced through the tea ritual and form of etiquette. Like Bronte’s Wuthering Heights (1847), 19th century novels such as Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (1865) delineates social class boundaries reinforced by tea etiquette. The story of Alice adventuring into Wonderland is a reflection of facing elements people are not used to; for Alice, what she believed was her forte was etiquette. Carroll thus plays on the idea of expectations; he assumes that we as readers, like Alice, have certain expectations of what a tea party offers, an d he continually frustrates those expectations through his depiction of â€Å"A Mad Tea Party,† (Fromer, 169). During the infamous â€Å"Mad Tea Party† scene, Alice encounters the Mad Hatter, the March Hare, and the mouse at their tea party. Alice expects to be welcomed at the tea table, seeing how â€Å"the table was a large one, but the three were all crowded together at one corner of it . . . † (Carroll, 60).But as she approached the table, the Hare and the Mad Hatter cried out, â€Å"No room! No room! † (Carroll, 60). Both audiences of the 19th century and present day may have found the hosts to be incredibly rude exclaiming that there is no room while there obviously was, but, again, we must remember principle etiquette: that guests must be invited to tea. Both Bronte’s Lockwood and Carroll’s Alice encounter tea setting and expect to be invited; therefore, they approach the hosts and proceed to the tables, yet both characters are actual ly unwanted from both hosts in each novel.Lockwood and Alice are characterized as being of middle or upper class in their own storylines and they both invite themselves to these tea tables where they were never originally invited to; and when they are confronted about it, they both are shocked. â€Å"At any rate I’ll never go there again! . . . It’s the stupidest tea-party I ever was at in all my life,† (Carroll, 68). Carroll reinforces Alice’s stubbornness an inability to realize that she was the one who violated the etiquette and customs of tea time by inviting herself to tea instead of waiting for an invitation from the Mad Hatter and the March Hare.The exchange between Alice and the Mad Hatter and March Hare exceeds levels of rudeness that audiences of both 19th century and present-day England would be appalled by. â€Å"I don’t think – † then the Hatter cuts her off, â€Å"Then you shouldn’t talk. † â€Å"This piec e of rudeness was more than Alice could bear: she got up in great disgust, and walked off: the Dormouse fell asleep instantly, and neither of the others took the least notice of her going, though she looked back once or twice, half hoping that they would call after her,† (Carroll, 67).While Alice storms off believing that the Mad Hatter and March Hare are in the wrong, Carroll’s use of depicting Alice looking back conveys that in her heart, perhaps Alice knew that she was the one who violate the proper mannerisms and etiquette of tea time. From Fromer’s perspective, â€Å"After feeling adrift and confused during her travels through Wonderland, Alice has finally stumbled upon a setting where she feels at home and thinks that she knows what to expect and how to act – at the tea table . . .She expects the boundaries that so clearly separate her from all of the other characters she has met to finally be overcome, so that she can feel welcomed and nourished as an intimate guest rather than an unexpected and unwelcome intruder,† (Fromer, 170-171). Tea rituals, customs, and etiquette distinguish people from one another, they sort them into groups labeled either poor or wealthy. â€Å"Teatime functions, in countless novels, as a moment of highlighting the boundaries between self and other, inside and outside, day and night – boundaries both within outside of the intimate realm . . Part of what makes this particular tea party ‘mad’ is the fact that it violates the boundaries of time just as much as it destroys expectation of hospitality and civility,† (Fromer, 172). Both Alice and Bronte’s Lockwood assume that simply by being part of the upper classes of society that they are entitled to respect from others; but as Gaskell’s and Carroll’s audiences have realized, having respect for others defines social status and influences social mannerisms and proper etiquette. Within Gaskell’s North and South (1854-55), the image of the tea table functions as a crystallization of English national identity and the various social classes that make up that national sense of self,† (Fromer, 129). Fromer analyzes North and South as a novel that distinguishes the different social classes in 19th century England and how their social statuses are formed and reinforced by through tea rituals and etiquette.Furthermore, â€Å"based on circulating cultural expectations of the social manners and consumption rituals performed during teatime, the English ideal of the tea table served as shared experience upon which to base one’s identity and to gauge the social status of others,† (Fromer, 129). â€Å"Tea, as a fluid constant in English culture, with its accompanying social rituals, was flexible enough to accommodate – and to mark – subtle differences in social status, to mediate these differences between groups within the English nation,† (Fromer , 12).Members of both the lower and upper classes participated in tea rituals; depending on their social class statuses, they were more than likely to participate in one or the other. Quite simply, the middle and upper-class members of societies engaged in afternoon low tea the majority of the time because of its origin to English royalty and the purpose to keep hunger away between noon and dinner meals. On the other end, the poor and working class members of society engaged in high tea, combining their dinner meal with tea in order to alleviate the time and costs of tea time in the middle of the afternoon.The working class did not concern themselves with strict and traditional customs and etiquette like the middle and upper classes did. They participated in high tea for the practical purpose of fighting off hunger while retaining a sense of dignity and luxury with the value and worth of tea. As put by Fromer (11): â€Å"Nineteenth century representations of tea highlight the role of the tea table in forging a unified English national identity out of disparate social groups, economic classes, and genders separated by ideologically distinct spheres of daily life. Bibliography Bayard, Marie. Hints on Etiquette. Edited by Marie Bayard. London: Weldon & Company, 1884. Beeton, Mrs. Mrs. Beeton’s Book of Household Management. Edited by Nicola Humble. Abridged version of 1861 edition. NewYork: Oxford University Press, 2000. Bronte, Emily. Wuthering Heights. New York. Penguin Books, 1993. Carroll, Lewis. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982. Day, Samuel Phillips.Tea: Its Mystery and History. London: Digital Text Publishing Company, 2010. Fromer, Julie E. A Necessary Luxury: Tea in Victorian England. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2008. Gaskell, Elizabeth. Mary Barton & North and South. Edited by Edgar Wright. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. â€Å"One of Her Majesty’s Ser vants. The Private Life of the Queen. Edited by Emily Sheffield. Gresham Books, 1979. Pettigrew, Jane. A Social History of Tea. London: National Trust Enterprises, 2001.

Life Is But A Choice Essay - 653 Words

Life Is But A Choice Beginning with the time of birth until the time of death, people have to make choices everyday on how to achieve the goals in their lives. One can imagine life as a long winding road with millions of other roads branching off in many directions. The only problem is that life is too short to explore every single road. In addition, the essence of time will not allow anyone to go back to a road that was passed. Everyone must choose his/her own roads through life regardless of what other people might think. Robert Frost wrote in The Road Not Taken, quot; I took the one less traveled by And that has made all the difference quot;(Frost 423). By managing ones time efficiently and making clear rational choices,†¦show more content†¦Everyone is different and that is what makes our world so interesting. Another important choice in life is having a healthy body. The key to achieving a healthy body is diet, exercise, and rest. In the world today, doctors are constantly reminding us to watch our body fat, cholesterol, and nutritional intake. In addition, eating a well balance diet can greatly reduce risk of disease and live longer lives.. Also, doctors tell us that smoking and excessive drinking of alcoholic beverages can be extremely harmful to our health. Making a choice to exercise is very important also. Doctors tell us that exercising at least thirty minutes a day will reduce the risk of a stroke and heart disease. Not to mention, exercising is a great way to cope with the stress of everyday life. The most important way to stay healthy is to get plenty of rest. The body needs a break to the mind and replenish cells in the body so the body can function properly. Without rest, one is more likely to make mistakes and even have a higher level of stress. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;One more important choice in life is spirituality. Everyone has to question what is this world we live in, why are we here on earth, is there life elsewhere, and is there a god. These questions have been around since man began walking the earth. Over the centuries since the bible was written, many different schools of thought have beenShow MoreRelatedThe Choice For End A Life1334 Words   |  6 PagesItza Girgis Dr. A. Imbarus English 1A 8 December 2014 The Choice to End a Life Euthanasia by definition refers to the practice of intentionally ending a life in order to relieve pain and suffering. Also called mercy killing; the act of putting to death painlessly or allowing to die as by withholding extreme medical measures, a person suffering from an incurable, especially painful disease or condition. Lastly, it is also known as painless death. In order to be done, the dying patient or their legalRead MoreEnd of Life Choices820 Words   |  4 PagesEnd of Life Choices Over the course of the semester, we have covered many interesting topics in this class. However, the one that I continually struggled to form a solid opinion on, and sincerely had to ponder what my decisions would be in the given situations, was the topic of end of life choices. My own personal thoughts and beliefs would conflict with my religious following, and my mind would continually change on such topics as whether or not physician assisted suicide should be legal,Read MoreLife Is Dictated By Choices1392 Words   |  6 PagesOur life is dictated by choices. Oftentimes, we are given the opportunity for a wide array of options. The decision we usually arrive at is based on a set of criteria on the foundation of what we hold significant in our existence. Effortless selections are expected when it comes to intricate essentials of necessities such as water, food, clothing and shelter. However, when one is obligated on choosing the hospital or health insurance for that matter, sev eral factors are taken for consideration. TheRead MoreThe End Of Life Choice1282 Words   |  6 PagesEnd of Life Choice Since all diseases are not curable, a lot of people are living in severe pain that is unbearable. Assisted suicide, also known as mercy killing, is the act of bringing the death of a hopelessly ill and suffering person in a relatively quick and painless way. Indeed, it is one of the effective solutions for people who are suffering in pain from terminal illness and especially for children who are not able to choose for their own lives. Even though assisted suicide is not legalizedRead MoreLife For Homosexuals : Is It A Choice?2259 Words   |  10 PagesHomosexuality isn’t a choice; nonetheless, it’s a choice to act on it. Whether you choose to act on it or not you still aren’t treated equally. Students in school are being bullied, adults in their workplace are treated differently. All their lives homosexuals have never been treated the same. Being ridiculed and afraid to be who you are isn’t how anyone should live. Americans lash out against everything t hey don’t like or understand; however, times have changed, America is evolving and we areRead MorePro Life And Pro Choice1649 Words   |  7 Pagestoday’s society you are either a Pro-life or a Pro-choice, there is not a middle ground. Pro-life are individuals who believe abortion is immoral and should be stop for the wellbeing of women and unborn babies. In contrast, the Pro-choice individuals do not necessarily promote abortion, they just believe women should be the ones to make decisions over their bodies and health. Although the two main sides of the abortion debate have concerns for human life, pro-life activists worries more about the fetusRead MoreThe Choice Of A Person s Life1685 Words   |  7 PagesHuss Professor Terrell English 102 1 October 2015 The Right to Choose Society loves choices. But when it comes to one of the most important decisions in a person’s life, the right to live or die, we only have a select few choices and some of them cause more harm than good. The choice here is whether or not a person should have the right to end his or her life in a safe, peaceful manner when the quality of life is no longer the same quality it once was. Currently only a few states give people theRead MoreThe Choice Of A Person s Life1685 Words   |  7 PagesHuss Professor Terrell English 102 1 October 2015 The Right to Choose Society loves choices. But when it comes to one of the most important decisions in a person’s life, the right to live or die, we only have a select few choices and some of them cause more harm than good. The choice here is whether or not a person should have the right to end his or her life in a safe, peaceful manner when the quality of life is no longer the same quality it once was. Currently only a few states give people theRead MorePro Life And Pro Choice1371 Words   |  6 Pages Actually being called as pro-life and pro-choice. According to the Gale Opposing Viewpoints in Context, pro-life supporters have mentioned that life Really Actually begins at conception. Which means when the sperm hits the egg. So you know what that means, abortion at any particular stage in the pregnancy is actually murder. They also believe that life is very valuable and the life of the unborn baby has the same rights as the very much alive mother. Pro-choice supporters, on the other handRead MorePro Choice And Pro Life927 Words   |  4 Pagesrenouncing religious principles and committing murder. First, it is important to establish background information on the two opposing views. There are basically two ideologies: pro-choice and pro-life. The former supports a woman’s right to make a decision to have the baby or the ability to have an abortion. Furthermore, pro-choice roots stem from a 1973 U.S. Supreme Court Ruling ROE V. WADE, 410 U.S. 113 that supports a woman’s right to have an abortion legally. In the decision, it states: â€Å"the unborn

The Fear Of Having A Son Essay - 1665 Words

The Fear of Having a Son In the beginning of this article, Andrew Reiner described his experience with having a son. He stated, â€Å"I was faced with one of my biggest fears about parenthood: having a son† (Reiner, 2016, para. 6). Reiner elaborated on the growing trend of parents wanting female children instead of males. The article mentioned that adoptive parents are even willing to pay an average of $16,000 more in finalization cost for a girl instead of a boy (Reiner, 2016, para. 10). Reiner also noted that the boys-will-be-boys behavior does not originate with them (Reiner, 2016, para. 12). Instead, it is a product of their environment. He cited â€Å"... parents tend to touch infant boys less often and more roughly than infant daughters and that daughters are handled more gently and protectively†¦ (Reiner, 2016, para. 12)† This displayed how societal norms shape behavior attributes that can be seen as non advantageous. Towards the end of the article, Reiner emphasized that we should empower our daughters and empower our sons with the same emotional literacy skill set and expansive worldview we teach our daughter (Reiner, 2016, para. 18). He finished the article with a short anecdote about how his son only wanted his attention and that is why he was acting out. The Hole in the Glass Ceiling Is Getting Bigger In The Hole in the Glass Ceiling Is Getting Bigger by John Cassidy, the topic is discussed how uncommon it is for females to rise to the top of their professions. CassidyShow MoreRelatedFootball After School Essay1521 Words   |  7 Pagespoem about a mothers, or the poets’, struggles in the harsh realisation of her son maturing, and having to experience school. Patricia is feeling powerless and worried about her sons inevitable future of him going to school which he has to endure. We observe the poet sharing her thoughts, and images, in each verse her view changes on how she thinks her son will combat â€Å"Football After School† . The theme of football fears her, as he â€Å"dribbles the sin about the place†, which conveys how she thinks theRead MoreThings Fall Apart: Fear1032 Words   |  5 PagesAnon Fear is a distressing state of mind aroused by impending danger, evil, and even mental pain. The idea of fear is greater than fear itself. It is an emotion that we subconsciously create, it is the emotion evoked by the idea of believing illusions, lies and false information. Fear is what drives us to execute actions that we would never normally do, unrestrained from the presence of fear we act with morality, thought and discipline. In Things Fall Apart written by Chinua Achebe, fear is evidentRead MoreAnalysis Of Finding Nemo781 Words   |  4 PagesNemo is an animated film that follows John Campbell’s heroic journey or the common structure he calls â€Å"monomyth† (Hamby). This film takes a father, Marlin, on a heroic quest through complications and victories. Marlin is trying to reunite with his son, Nemo. The movie Finding Nemo follows the basic stages of a hero’s journey or monomyth and has various archetypes that are typically found in monomyths (Hamby). A n archetype is a â€Å"character that has a pattern or circumstance that recurs enough to beRead MoreAnalysis of M. Night Shyamalan ´s After Earth1296 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Danger is real, but fear is a choice.† As intriguing and captivating as this catch phrase sounds, the film as a whole may not fit that classification. While M. Night Shyamalan’s After Earth (2013) is ineffective in reaching some of its audiences as anticipated, others seem to have enjoyed the movie thoroughly. The film opens with a promising story where humans are forced to escape a polluted Earth inhabited by an alien race that is trained to exterminate them and retreat to Nova Prime, a new homeRead MoreAnalysis Of Franz Shubert s The Erlking 1290 Words   |  6 Pageswhich music was bursting at the seems; many composers were experimenting with the power of musical devices, which was extremely evident in Franz Shubert’s â€Å"The Erlking†. This piece of music that was origi nally a poem depicts the gruelling story of a son with his father, travelling on a horse by night. The boy notices a dark being (The Erlking) that is slowly advancing towards him; however, the father dismisses these thoughts and reassures him that there is nothing there. Eventually, the boy realisesRead MoreFather And Son Relationship In The Road And Frankenstein1456 Words   |  6 PagesFather and son relationships are much more complex when observed from a deeper surface. In Cormac McCarthy’s The Road, and Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, two different outlooks on fatherhood can be seen. In some cases, the role of a father-like figure can be unfulfilled, which leaves the child feeling isolated. While on the other hand, there are situations where the father can be seen as being a guide and mentor for the child. McCarthy shows how in a dystopian society; a father provides his son with unconditionalRead MoreThe Old Dictionary By Lydia Davis988 Words   |  4 Pagessuccessfully show the thought process of one parent who is realizing the effects of having too many obligations and being heavily depended on. In Davis’s story, readers meet a troubled parent whose task-oriented personality seeps into other areas of life to skew what should be most important. It begins with a description of the Old Dictionary; the narrator is concerned they are giving this book better treatment than their son. As the story progresses, the narrator compares the way they treat other livingRead MoreFear Essay1615 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is fear? Is fear just a protective mechanism our brain creates when we encounter a problem? Would an example of fear be that I am afraid my essay is going to be exactly like everybody elses? â€Å"Fear is the brains way of saying that their is something for you to overcome.(Rachel Huber)† I believe in this quote Ms.Huber is trying to explain that when we encounter a problem we become so worried that we are not going to do well at t he task at hand that we begin to fear the obstacle. Though at timesRead MoreHow Motivational Appeal Can Be Using Deceive Others Essay1683 Words   |  7 PagesLand† two of the main characters, Sue and Steve, utilize the motivational concept of fear to enact deception. 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Recalled to Life in A Tale of Two Cities by Charles...

How can someone be â€Å"recalled to life†? It is a blazing strange statement. In Charles Dickens’ novel, A Tale of Two Cities, there are many people who are or help someone else to be recalled to life. In particular, there are three main characters that experience this. Dr. Manette, Charles Darnay, and Sydney Carton are all resurrected, as implied by the statement â€Å"recalled to life†. Dr. Manette is resurrected, or recalled to life, multiple times in A Tale of Two Cities. Lucie Manette, Dr. Manette’s daughter, always helps in saving him. Dr. Manette’s story begins with him being imprisoned in the Bastille. He gets out after eighteen years and stays at Monsieur Defarge, an old servant’s house. This is where Lucie meets him for the first time.†¦show more content†¦After marrying Lucie, Charles gets a letter from an old servant, saying he needs to go to Paris to help the servant out of prison. When Charles goes back he is arrested for being an aristocrat and for being an emigrant. His trial is one year and three months after he is imprisoned. Dr. Manette saves Charles Darnay during his first trial because he related to the crowd with his story of his imprisonment in the Bastille. The people took pity on Darnay and were inspired by Manette’s story and allow Charles to go free. This was the second time Charles is recalled. Charles is condemned again by three people who are later revealed as Monsieur and Madame Defarge, and Dr. Manette. He then goes back to prison to await his second trial. At this point, Sydney Carton is also in France. He knows of Charles’s danger and is planning a way to save him. Charles is waiting in his cell for his trial when Sydney comes in to talk with him. Sydney gets Charles to switch clothes with him and gives him something to sedate him. Once he is asleep and they have swapped clothes, John Barsad takes Charles out to an awaiting carriage. The next day Sydney goes to t he guillotine in Charles’s place. Before he goes to die he is completely happy and content because he knows that this is what he meant when he told Lucie he loved her. â€Å"I see the lives for which I lay down my life, peaceful,Show MoreRelatedA New and Better Life through Rebirth666 Words   |  3 PagesA New and Better Life through Rebirth In a time of either desperation or contentment, A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens communicates the rebirth going on in the era of the French Revolution in two cities: Paris and London. The theme of resurrection or rebirth is seen throughout the book. No matter what happens in the book, everything goes back to the one major theme of being RECALLED TO LIFE (14). One could say Dickens conveyed the theme of resurrection in multiple characters being transformedRead MoreTale Of Two Cities Theme Analysis725 Words   |  3 PagesBayeh 1 Mrs. Lebeda English 2 Per.7 October 16, 2017 Theme of Resurrection in A Tale of Two Cities A Tale of Two Cities is an artistic expression of Charles Dickens fundamental belief in the resurrection and reformation of man and society. Though set against the backdrop of the turbulence of the French Revolution, the story gives a message of hope and renewal by presenting a vision of a better tomorrow. While Dickens condemns the outrageous atrocities committed by the French aristocracy in its oppressionRead More Resurrection in A Tale of Two Cities Essay1211 Words   |  5 PagesResurrection in A Tale of Two Cities      Ã‚   Resurrection is a powerful theme found throughout the plot of A Tale of Two Cities.   Many of the characters in the novel are involved with the intertwining themes of love, redemption, and good versus evil.   The theme of resurrection involves certain aspects of all of these themes and brings the story together.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dr. Manette is the first person to experience resurrection in A Tale of Two Cities.   He is taken awayRead MoreTheme of Resurrection in Charles Dickens’s Book, A Tale of Two Cities1523 Words   |  7 Pagestheir lives during the Reign of Terror? In Charles Dickens’s book, A Tale of Two Cities, Dickens used the injustice in the French Revolution and the corruption in societies of that time to show the theme of resurrection along with many other themes. In the novel, the heroes and heroine uses sacrifice to resurrect an important person in their lives. However, through the process of resurrecting another, some characters also resurrected themselves. The two most important characters that relates to theRead More Sacrifice in A Tale of Two Cities Essay example1037 Words   |  5 PagesNew Wark or New York A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens is a story of great sacrifices being made for the sake of principle. There are many examples of this throughout the book made by many of the characters but some or more evident than others. In Book The First, entitled â€Å"Recalled to Life,† the most obvious sacrifice for the sake of principle was made by Dr. Manette. He is imprisoned for eighteen years in the Bastille, for no apparent reason. Another noticeable sacrifice made for the sakeRead MoreA Tale Of Two Cities Dialectical Journal1253 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿A Tale of Two Cities: Dialectal Journal Doubles and opposites: It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, (...) In the first chapter of A Tale of Two cities, Dickens emphasizes the fact of how bad the people lived. It was the worst of times, due to mistreatment from the third estate. But it was also the best of times, for the nobles, and higher class people who could actually afford things, and werent mistreated and starved. (...) John Solomon, or Solomon John? (...) Read MoreA Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens Essay1393 Words   |  6 Pagescritical acclaim, A Tale of Two Cities occupies a central place in the cannon of Charles Dickens’ work. A Tale of Two Cities, published in serial form starting on April 30, 1859, is a historical fiction novel. A dominant theme in this historical novel is the duality found in many of Dickens’ characters. Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities is somewhat autobiographical; emphasizes the key elements of theme, plot, and character; and has received extensive criticism. A Tale of Two Cities is told in three partsRead MoreSydney Carton, A Complex Character1216 Words   |  5 PagesSydney Carton, a Complex Character Charles Dickens’ novel, A Tale of Two Cities, reveals a person that is so complex that students of British Literature still have not fully understood Sydney Carton’s character. Dickens introduces him to the reader as an arrogant, frustrated, no account barrister who lives through the lives of others. Yet throughout the novel one can see that he is a brilliant barrister who does not realize his worth, a man changed through love and devotion, and a self-sacrificingRead MoreA Tale Of Two Cities Or A Tale Of Two Worlds?2163 Words   |  9 PagesKaren Vanderford Ms. Faris Honors English IV 29 May 2015 A Tale of Two Cities or A Tale of Two Worlds? A person’s class status in today’s world is based on what one owns and how society views an individual; nothing else really matters. Charles Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities exemplifies the importance of social status through the way society views and treats its characters. Lucie Manette, from England, is the â€Å"golden thread† who everyone adores, especially a man named Sydney Carton, who is knownRead More Recalled to Change2233 Words   |  9 PagesRevolution. English novelist, Charles Dickens, understood the feelings of the French commoners, for he too was oppressed. Forced to end school and work in a factory when he was only a youth, Dickens got a first-hand taste of the injustice governments often deal out. Nevertheless, Dickens’ sympathies were provisional; he condemned the French for their lack of genuine respect for life. In search for a new and improved France, the people had lost sight of the value of life. Dickens grew apprehensive as he

Discuss Why Culture Is Important To The State In Asia Free Essays

Culture is very important to the state in Asia because most of the activities of the people in the region are deeply rooted in the cultural beliefs they hold. Indeed, most of the interactions that take place in the region especially the rising economy of China and the North Korea Nuclear program are deeply entrenched in the fabric of culture. This permeates both the local and international deals most of these countries have. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss Why Culture Is Important To The State In Asia or any similar topic only for you Order Now Culture is the way of life of a group of people. This includes their behavior, their beliefs, societal norms and foundational tenets. It includes customs, lifestyles specificities, eating habits, party organization, religion, community activity and everything that forms part of interactive activities of people in a particular geographical location. Culture is specific to a group of people and varies from place to place. I can be adjusted or modified for the benefit of better erupting behavioral patterns or community development. The current situation in Asia is marked by wars and conflicts in the Middle East, terrorism in some parts of same location, increased and perpetual religious autocracy. In the same place, countries like Japan and China are improving the technological facilities while the Koreans are busy maintaining ‘peace’. In all the circumstances that surround the state of Asia, one realizes that culture has a major part; indeed it forms the only fulcrum upon which all acts are carried. The culture in China supports communism and individual multinational companies are only allowed to work or operate in this nation if they are ready to abide by existing rules and regulations of the country. The religious affiliation of people of this country also allows them to work effectively in the team, and even cater for the elderly. Every one is working for the good of the ‘colony’; and as such respected for that service. These factors have been responsible for the economic prowess of this emerging superpower. Another nation is United Arab Emirates. This is dominated by the ‘skeihic’ rulership method wherein there is no election,. It is deeply rooted in Islamic tenets, and most of the policies of the government of these emirates are governed by the content of the Holy Quran. One even realizes that there is segregation in work based on cultural beliefs directly linked to customary religion. One of the Emirates, Dubai, is a growing economy because of the accommodative approach to government and globalization it encourages. In the midst of this, contemporary culture little affected by Westernization is affected by this. As part of the culture of this people is the respect for the rule for the elders, responsibilities to the state and resistance to intrusion to cultural sanity. These factors form a bulk of the impetus for the current state of art and acts within Asia. This drives home the point that culture in intrinsic to events within Asia. How to cite Discuss Why Culture Is Important To The State In Asia, Papers

Experimental Research Elements free essay sample

In the United States the development of a new drug, for human consumption is a long and difficult process requiring many levels of testing. Mandated by the food and drug administration (FDA) the rigorous process of new drug development can consists of at least four phases. If the FDA approves the new drug to be safe and effective for humans, generally, from start to finish the entire process of new drug development, take an average of 12 years of experimental research costing the pharmaceutical company millions of dollars. Recently a pharmaceutical company wants to test a new sleep aid for humans, using a scenario like this can provide more specificity on exactly how the potentially new sleep aid goes from the laboratory to a consumer. In new drug development, researchers systematically use the experimental research placing emphasis on key elementshypothesis, randomization, treatment group, control group, and measurement (University of Phoenix, Week Three Supplement, 2012). We will write a custom essay sample on Experimental Research Elements or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Each key element of experimental research corresponds to a specific phase in new drug development. Possibly the most important element is hypothesis testing that occurs in the pre-clinical research phases of new drug development. Hypothesis testing in the pre-clinical phase is necessary to support the claim made by the pharmaceutical to convince the FDA that the new sleep aid shows is effective and safe to test on humans (Simonoff, 2010). In this case, the hypothesis is that the new sleep aid is more effective in reducing the symptoms of insomnia. Using evidentiary support in pre-clinical trials of the new sleep aid did prove the claim of efficacy and that it is safe to test on humans in clinical trials. The next step in new drug development occur in three phases of clinical trials in which researcher’s further use experimentation to test the hypothesis of the sleep aide on human subjects. Critical to clinical researchers/scientists is to reduce confounding factors (health, age, culture, gender, and race) as this can affect the results of the experiment (Myers, 2012). Therefore, clinical scientist or researchers randomly assign the human subjects to a treatment group, or control group. The treatment group exposes the independent variable to the subjects whereas the subjects in the control group do not have exposure to the independent variable (Comer, 2012). By comparing the treatment and control groups, the experimenter can better determine the effect of the independent variable— or measure the variable that indicates if the hypothesis is true or not (Comer, 2012). Therefore, in terms of measurement the independent variable to measure is the new sleep aid in which experimenters did expose to participants in the treatment group with symptoms of insomnia. Proving effective, in terms of the time it takes for one to fall and stay asleep the experimenters might consider the new sleep aid or independent variable as therapy, or a way of treatment for participants with symptoms of insomnia. Furthermore, the clinical scientists, researchers, and or experimenters consider the dependent variable the medical or psychological improvement caused by the independent variable. Clinical trial phases in new drug testing lasts up to three years in which the new sleep aid continues further testing on thousands of existing patients (who volunteer) in clinics and or hospitals (Today’s Science, 1995). If perhaps, the new sleep aid meets FDA approval, this may occur at least ten to twelve years later after which experiments will continue to determine if there are long-term side effects of the new aid. It is evident that in the United States, new drug development is a long, costly process including but not limited to hypothesis testing, pre-clinical, clinical trials, thousands of brave subjects in treatment and control groups (and more). In the hope to provide safe, effecting drug treatment to help in the treatment of illness and disease in human and animals dedicated scientists, various specialists, and researchers press on using the key elements of experimental research to do so.